CEC stands for Consumer Electronics Control. It's a protocol used to allow one component to control some functions of another component. For example, in our master bedroom setup we have a Samsung 4K display, Roku Premiere 4K streaming box and Comcast Xfinity HD cable box. With CEC enabled on all three devices, the Samsung "sees" both the Roku and Xfinity cable boxes attached to its HDMI ports, and allows me to control certain functions those devices using the Samsung remote control, all without doing any programming of the remote control. I can bring up the cable guide, change channels, etc. for the Xfinity box, and navigate, select and play streaming programing on the Roku using the Samsung remote.
CEC does not work with all components, though, can sometime act a little flaky, and does not replicate all functions from the other component's remote control, so it's not a complete alternative to a good universal remote control. It may be enough to get by with in a simple setup, though -- like our master bedroom.