You missed out on getting the light arrows. You have to work a bit on the ghost with the gust jar, but eventually you will get rid of it. At that point the old man says come back and visit him later. When you finally get into the clouds and visit their house before entering the Wind Palace(best dungeon EVER!), he will give you the light arrows, which are ultra powerful and allow a charge up shot.

when you open up all the gorons in the cave digging the wall, fuse with the final one. It will reveal the Big Goron on top of Veal Falls. Talk to him and he will say to come back after accomplishing a major feat. This feat is completing the game. When you do so, he wants your shield. Give him your shield, then go beat the game again. You only have to go fight Vaati again dont worry. After beating him a second time, go talk to the big goron. He will give you a mirror shield in return.